2
  -2023
  
 
(   -1)
:    :100
:          ,       
           
 -
I.      ?      
II.      ?       
 
 -
III.           
IV.   ?       ?
 -
V.             
?
2
VI. -  -       ,     

 -
VII.            
    ?
VIII             
  -2023
  
 
(   -1)
:    :100
:          ,       
           
 -
I.      ?      
:   ?
         -   , -
   , -   , -    
 ,         ,      
2
:    -    ?       
    ?    ?        
  ,            
            ,     ,  -
          
''       :
'' ()      ,
'' ()      
      “  ”
   :
  ,     “      
       
   , “     ”
     “   
              
     
   ?
    :
            
, ,         

        
         
         
             ,   ,   
   
2
  
              
      ,        
             
1.     
   ,           
     
             
 ?
        ?
          
2.   
                 ,
   
 -      ?
 ,          ?
            
3.   
            :
       ?
         ?
     
 ,           
4.    ( )
         
2
   ?
      ?
          ?
   ,          
5.    ( )
               
          ?
          ?
        
6.     
               
 
    ?
           ?
                 
     
7.    
   ()   ()     
  
-   ?
     ?
 ,           
  
8.   
        
2
             ?
    ?
             
9.     
          :
   .
   .
   .
         
10.    
   -,  , ,   
     -  ?
       ?
            
:
  ,            -  
              — 
         ,     ,   
 ,          
            :
  
 
 
 
  
2

            , 
       
II.      ?       
 
: 󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 
                  
 —     ,     ,    
  
      
       -           
  ,     ,        , 
       
       -  ,     
                 ,
 -        ,    
󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈   ?
       ,  ,      
   ,          
     , , , ,    
    
  :
  (1789)   
    ( ,  , )   ( 
,   )  
󷸌󷸍   ?
 ,             
, ,  ,        
2
           ,    ,   
        
  :
               
      , ,      
   
󷃆󹸊󹸋      
       :
1.  :  
        -       ,  
             
2.    
    (  )    ,  
     :
    ()         
  
   ()     
3.   
           
 ,          ,   
     
4.   
             
         
             
   -     
󹸯󹸭󹸮      
                :
2

 

    
    


 - 
      
    
 
 

, , ,
    
, , ,
    
 
  
  

  ,   
  
     
  

    
(  ,   
   )
   (
 ,     
 )
 
, ,  
 , ,
, 
󺯑󺯒󺯓󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯘󺯙󺯚󺯛󺯜󺯝     
            
 
            
    
 ,           -     
        
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
 ,        ,      
    —     ,      
         - ,   
   
2
    ,     ,        ,
               
   ,           
  
 -
III.           
::   
          —    , 
    ,    ,      
     ,  ?         
 ,   ,     ,         
     
      
  ,          ,    
 ,      -           
 ,  , , -,        
  :
    “        
    "    ,   ,     
       "
  
                :
1.     
     -           
 , -  ,            -
  
2
:
    ,      ,    
   ,        
2.   
          ,    ,  
              
              
:
  ""    ,   ""  ,
      
3.      
        , , -, , -  
                
:
         ,      
  
4.   
            , , 
         
:
  ,        ,    
    
5.      
                 ,
              
:
      -        - 
     
6.       
    ,              
             
2
:
              
  
                 
,          :
1.    
           ,        
  ,        
 :
 
 
   
     
:
        
2.  
-     ,           
         
 :
 
 
  
   
:
     
3.  
      ,          
           
2
 :
    
    
  (-  -   )
  ,   
:
,      
4. -   
          ,    

 :
,      
    ( , , )
   
      ,     
:
     ,      


 ,         , ,     
       ,      — 
                
     ,       ,    
       
   ,             
     ,         
    
2
IV.   ?       ?
:                
      ,    ,     , 
-        ,     
        - " " -  ,     
             
        
 
                   
 ,  , , ,     
󺭨   :
                 
     
       —       
 
             
    
       ,      :
1.  
            
2.  
       -     ,    , 
   
3. 
          ,  
 
4.  
      , -       
 
5.     ( )
         ,    
            
2
  
  (,  )
  (,   )
 (,  )
 
 
  ?
,       
                ,
,              
                
󺭨   :
    ,      ,     
  
  ,  ,  ,  ,     
 
   
1.     
                

2.   
 ,            
3.  
     -  , ,  , , ,
, 
4.   
        
2
     




      
  
      
    

   .
      


 -    
 -    

    .
   - 
 

    
     
 

  (, , ,
)
  ,   


      
  
     
   
    , , ,    -     
   ,   ,        -   
    —           
               ,  
       

                   
            ,    
,  ,             
2
  :
     - ,    
      - ,   
       ,      ,   
          , , -   
 
-
V.             
?
:       
         —  , , , ,
, ,              
?       ,      ,
        " "      
         
        
   ?
            20 
                  
 ,     
    —   ,   ,    ,  
 -    ,   -       , 
           
  :
“     -       ”
2
   
1.   :
             
         
2. - :
               
      
3.  :
               
4. :
              ,
     
5.  :
             , 
    
6.  :
     ,        
    
   

 
  (      )
    (  )
   ?
,         —    
,   ,           
       60-70      , 
     ,          
      ,           
  
2
:
   ,           
  
   
1.  :
               
       
2.  :
      ,       
 
3.  :
           - ,  

4.   :
               , 
   
5.  :
          
6.  :
  ,         
   
 
  
 
 
 
2
      
  
 


   
  

  



  -

, ,  

,   
 
     
      ?
             :
      
       ,       
               
 
           , , 
     ,     ,    
    

 ,             
           ,  
    - ,     -       
               
 
2
               ,   
                
       ,           
—              !
VI. -  -       ,     

: -  -:   
          -      
   ,            -
     ,     ,     ,  
      ,       
 "-"  
,              ,      
-         ,  -  
            " "   
        "-"  "-" 
- 
-               
       ,        
  -         
-   :
1.   :     
2.  :   ,    
3.         , ,   

4. "" :       "", ""  ""   
  
5.  :         
-  :
2
 
  
   
    
       
-  
-              
        ,   -   

-   :
1.           
2.  :  ,      
3. "" :    ”, “    
4.      :-          ,
        
-  :
  
     
     
     
    
        ,          
                  
                 
  
,               
          ,      
      -     
2
-   ,        ,   
             -, - 
           -  -  
  -            
-  -   

 
-

      
    
  


  
    


 


  
, ,  

    
  
  “   


,  ,   
 ,    

 
      -  -   
      :
        ?
      
     
 -    -    ?
               
     ""  ""         
       ,    -   
  
2

           ,   
                 
,   ,           
        ,        
         ,    
                 

 -
VII.            
    ?
::    (     )
        —, ,      
  ,    ,         
, ,                ,
 ,        -       
   ?
    
  ?
               ,
,  (),         
       " "    
  ,    ,    ,    ,
     
 :
,    ,        
    
2
  
             , 
                 
:
1.   
       ,   ,     
           ,   -
          ,  ,    
  
  ,          ,
      " "   -      
  
2.   
           --    ,
,  , , ,            
 
  ,              
   ,             
     
3.     
       —  , , , ,   
             
   (    )     ,
  (-     ),
   (     )
4.    
                
       -     , 
            
   ,              
2
5.      
      ,   ,   ,
     
  :
    ""   ,
       “”
         
6.      
    ,  ,      
       -19      
             
  
     
                
   ?
     ,            
              
    :

 
  
       
         :



 
2
       
1.  -    
     ,    -, -  -
   
   :
  ()  ,
  (    ),
 (, , ),
  (, ),
  (          )
   -            ,
          
2.   -     
-    ,             
 :
 ,
  ,
,
-.
  ,      , -  ,     
      
3.  -     
    ,              
 :
 ,
 ,
    ,
-   
              
2
4.  
             , 
      ,        
        ,       
        

 ,              
               
  ,    ,   ,    ,
       
               ,
            ,  
  
             ,    
              
 
VIII             
:         
:   
            ,      -,
  —  ,   ,    —    , "
 "  ""      
      ,            
         ;  -     ,
                  
       ,        
      
2
               -   ,  
  
    "  "
  ?
   (1864-1929)          
                
  — ,    
:   
        ,     " "  
   -            ,    
 
  ,       :
1.     
    
                  
  ,     :
      ?”
2.     
   
                  - 
          
  :
"                "
3.             
       ,     , ,      
  :
"                  
   "
    
            
2
           ( 1)
       ,          
  ( 2)
   ,           ( 3)
              ,   
      
     
      
-      
,     (         ),
         
    “ ”
  ?
   (1863-1931)           
 ,         -    
   
             ,  ,
-       
   : ""  ""
         :
1. ""
   
          -         

          , "      
?"
2. ""
  
2
      -     ,    

      , "    ,     !"
           
 : “ ,   ”
""  : "  !    "
 “         
  -  
        -  :
1.   (0-2 )
    -      
  ,    -          
       
2.   (3-6 )
            -  "", ""  ""
  
               
         
3.   (7    )
         -     
                  
 
        ,        
  
2
 
                  
        ,          

:               , 
                  
 
     
        
    ( )  
""  ,  ""     
         
:   


  
      
   
 
  
""  "" + -

3-  ( ,  ,
 )
  3  (, , )
  
      
  
       
 
  
 
    
:   
             ,      - 
 ,       
2
              
         ,      
         
    ,               - 
,     
"               
    ,     "